G. Carneiro, T. Peng, C. Bayer, N. Navab Weakly-supervised Structured Output Learning with Flexible and Latent Graphs using High-order Loss Functions International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), Santiago, Chile, December 2015 (bib)
	We introduce two new structured output models that use a latent graph, which is flexible in terms of the number of nodes and structure, where the training process minimizes a high-order loss function using a weakly annotated training set. These models are developed in the context of microscopy imaging of malignant tumors, where the estimation of the number and proportion of classes of microcirculatory supply units (MCSU) is important in the assessment of the efficacy of common cancer treatments (an MCSU is a region of the tumor tissue supplied by a microvessel). The proposed methodologies take as input multimodal microscopy images of a tumor, and estimate the number and proportion of MCSU classes. This estimation is facilitated by the use of an underlying latent graph (not present in the manual annotations), where each MCSU is represented by a node in this graph, labeled with the MCSU class and image location. The training process uses the manual weak annotation available, consisting of the number of MCSU classes per training image, where the training objective is the minimization of a high-order loss function based on the norm of the error between the manual and estimated annotations. One of the models proposed is based on a new flexible latent structure support vector machine (FLSSVM) and the other is based on a novel deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) model. Using a dataset of 89 weakly annotated pairs of multimodal images from eight tumors, we show that the quantitative results from DCNN are superior, but the qualitative results from FLSSVM are better and both display significant correlation values regarding the number and proportion of MCSU classes compared to the manual annotations.
	This material is presented to ensure timely dissemination of scholarly and technical work. Copyright and all rights therein are retained by authors or by other copyright holders. All persons copying this information are expected to adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by each authors copyright. In most cases, these works may not be reposted without the explicit permission of the copyright holder.